Brontochion Monastery, Mystras, Greece

Brontochion Monastery is located on the northern slope of Mystras, an archaeological site dedicated as UNESCO World Heritage Site. The abbot Pachomius incorporated into the small church of the Hodegetria, or 'Aphentikon', as the monastery's catholicon. The church was reconstructed and completed around 1310.

User Reviews

Manolis Akoumianakis (3 years ago)
Το Βροντόχι κατά την περίοδο ακμής του Μυστρά, υπήρξε κέντρο έντονης πνευματικής κίνησης. Εδώ δίδαξε ο φιλόσοφος Γεώργιος Γεμιστός ή Πλήθων, σε ένα κύκλο επιφανών μαθητών όπως τον μετέπειτα καρδινάλιο της Ρωμαϊκής Εκκλησίας Βησσαρίωνα και τον τελευταίο ιστορικό του Βυζαντίου, Λαόνικο Χαλκοκονδύλη. Ο Πλήθων ίδρυσε εδώ στον Μυστρά μια μυστική αδελφότητα, στην οποία δίδαξε μια θεωρία πλατωνικής εμπνεύσεως εκθειάζοντας την ανόρθωση ενός εξαγνισμένου παγανισμού. Το Βροντόχι απολάμβανε μεγάλων τιμών από την κεντρική εξουσία, δεχόταν αυτοκρατορικές δωρεές, με αποτέλεσμα να συσσωρεύσει πλούτη και ισχύ. Είχε μια από τις σπουδαιότερες βιβλιοθήκες της Αυτοκρατορίας, είχε σπουδαία βιβλιοθήκη, αποτελούσε το κέντρο της πνευματικής κίνησης του Μυστρά και ήταν σύγχρονος τόπος ταφής των δεσποτών. Μέσα στο μοναστηριακό συγκρότημα του Βροντοχίου υπάρχουν οι δύο επιβλητικότερες εκκλησίες του Μυστρά, των Αγίων Θεοδώρων και της Παναγίας της Οδηγήτριας. Οι Άγιοι Θεόδωροι είναι ο ένας από τους δύο ναούς του Βροντοχίου, κτίστηκε στο χρονικό διάστημα από το 1290 μέχρι το 1298 από τον ηγούμενο Δανιήλ και το μέγα πρωτοσύγκελο Πελοποννήσου Παχώμιο. Ανήκει στον οκταγωνικό τύπο και στις τέσσερις γωνίες διαμορφώνονται ισάριθμα νεκρικά παρεκκλήσια όπου θάβονταν οι δεσπότες. Η εξωτερική του εμφάνιση με τις αλλεπάλληλες στέγες, τις καμάρες, τον μεγάλο κεντρικό τρούλο, τα τοξωτά παράθυρα, τις οδοντωτές ταινίες, διαμορφώνουν ένα σύνολο όπου επικρατεί η κομψότητα και η χάρη, η λεπτή γραμμή και η αρμονική σύνθεση. Οι λίγες τοιχογραφίες που σώζονται ανήκουν στο πρώτο μισό του 14ου αιώνα και φέρουν καταφανή την επίδραση της Μακεδονικής Σχολής. Η Παναγία Οδηγήτρια ιδρύθηκε από τον Αρχιμανδρίτη Παχώμιο το 1310 πάνω σε κωνσταντινουπολίτικο σχέδιο, είναι ο πρώτος ναός του Μυστρά που εφαρμόζει σύνθετο αρχιτεκτονικό τύπο, τρίκλιτη βασιλική στην κάτοψη και πάνω τετρακίονος σταυροειδής πεντάτρουλος, σχήμα που θα εφαρμοστεί αργότερα και στην Παντάνασσα. Στα πλάγια διαμορφώνονται στοές και παρεκκλήσια, στο χτίσιμο χρησιμοποιήθηκαν πωρόλιθοι και δουλεύτηκε το μάρμαρο για την εσωτερική επένδυση, δείγμα της οικονομικής ευχέρειας που υπήρχε. Το πιο εντυπωσιακό στοιχείο είναι τα χρυσόβουλα των αυτοκρατόρων, όπου αναγράφονται τα διάφορα προνόμια που είχαν παραχωρήσει στο Βροντόχι οι αυτοκράτορες του Βυζαντίου.

Vasilis Xrysikakis (3 years ago)
Μεγαλοπρέπεια! Απίστευτη ομορφιά!

Shane R (3 years ago)
Spiritually sublime to experience and wondrous to explore :)

Saltets G (3 years ago)
Интересный монастырь. Интересная церковь Богоматери Одигитрии 1311 года с древними фресками. Спускаясь с верхней части Мистры или поднимаясь с нижней не все сюда заходят, но вы зайдите, не пожалеете.

Добрыня Борисович (4 years ago)
Красивая церковь с фресками.

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The Veste Coburg is one of Germany's largest castles. The hill on which the fortress stands was inhabited from the Neolithic to the early Middle Ages according to the results of excavations. The first documentary mention of Coburg occurs in 1056, in a gift by Richeza of Lotharingia. Richeza gave her properties to Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne, to allow the creation of Saalfeld Abbey in 1071. In 1075, a chapel dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul is mentioned on the fortified Coberg. This document also refers to a Vogt named Gerhart, implying that the local possessions of the Saalfeld Benedictines were administered from the hill.

A document signed by Pope Honorius II in 1206 refers to a mons coburg, a hill settlement. In the 13th century, the hill overlooked the town of Trufalistat (Coburg's predecessor) and the important trade route from Nuremberg via Erfurt to Leipzig. A document dated from 1225 uses the term schloss (palace) for the first time. At the time, the town was controlled by the Dukes of Merania. They were followed in 1248 by the Counts of Henneberg who ruled Coburg until 1353, save for a period from 1292-1312, when the House of Ascania was in charge.

In 1353, Coburg fell to Friedrich, Markgraf von Meißen of the House of Wettin. His successor, Friedrich der Streitbare was awarded the status of Elector of Saxony in 1423. As a result of the Hussite Wars the fortifications of the Veste were expanded in 1430.

Early modern times through Thirty Years' War

In 1485, in the Partition of Leipzig, Veste Coburg fell to the Ernestine branch of the family. A year later, Elector Friedrich der Weise and Johann der Beständige took over the rule of Coburg. Johann used the Veste as a residence from 1499. In 1506/07, Lucas Cranach the Elder lived and worked in the Veste. From April to October 1530, during the Diet of Augsburg, Martin Luther sought protection at the Veste, as he was under an Imperial ban at the time. Whilst he stayed at the fortress, Luther continued with his work translating the Bible into German. In 1547, Johann Ernst moved the residence of the ducal family to a more convenient and fashionable location, Ehrenburg Palace in the town centre of Coburg. The Veste now only served as a fortification.

In the further splitting of the Ernestine line, Coburg became the seat of the Herzogtum von Sachsen-Coburg, the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg. The first duke was Johann Casimir (1564-1633), who modernized the fortifications. In 1632, the fortress was unsuccessfully besieged by Imperial and Bavarian forces commanded by Albrecht von Wallenstein for seven days during the Thirty Years' War. Its defence was commanded by Georg Christoph von Taupadel. On 17 March 1635, after a renewed siege of five months' duration, the Veste was handed over to the Imperials under Guillaume de Lamboy.

17th through 19th centuries

From 1638-72, Coburg and the Veste were part of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. In 1672, they passed to the Dukes of Saxe-Gotha and in 1735 it was joined to the Duchy of Saxe-Saalfeld. Following the introduction of Primogeniture by Duke Franz Josias (1697-1764), Coburg went by way of Ernst Friedrich (1724-1800) to Franz (1750-1806), noted art collector, and to Duke Ernst III (1784-1844), who remodeled the castle.

In 1826, the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was created and Ernst now styled himself 'Ernst I'. Military use of the Veste had ceased by 1700 and outer fortifications had been demolished in 1803-38. From 1838-60, Ernst had the run-down fortress converted into a Gothic revival residence. In 1860, use of the Zeughaus as a prison (since 1782) was discontinued. Through a successful policy of political marriages, the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha established links with several of the major European dynasties, including that of the United Kingdom.

20th century

The dynasty ended with the reign of Herzog Carl Eduard (1884-1954), also known as Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a grandson of Queen Victoria, who until 1919 also was the 2nd Duke of Albany in the United Kingdom. Under his rule, many changes made to the Veste in the 19th century were reversed under architect Bodo Ebhardt, with the aim of restoring a more authentic medieval look. Along with the other ruling princes of Germany, Carl Eduard was deposed in the revolution of 1918-1919. After Carl Eduard abdicated in late 1918, the Veste came into possession of the state of Bavaria, but the former duke was allowed to live there until his death. The works of art collected by the family were gifted to the Coburger Landesstiftung, a foundation, which today runs the museum.

In 1945, the Veste was seriously damaged by artillery fire in the final days of World War II. After 1946, renovation works were undertaken by the new owner, the Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen.

Today

The Veste is open to the public and today houses museums, including a collection art objects and paintings that belonged to the ducal family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, a large collection of arms and armor, significant examples of early modern coaches and sleighs, and important collections of prints, drawings and coins.

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