Hachen Castle, built around 1000, initially owned by Count Ezzo, later passed to Otto von Northeim in 1060. In 1080, Otto's son gifted it to the Archbishop of Cologne, who granted it as a fief to the Counts of Dassel. In 1232, the Counts of Dassel sold it to the Counts of Arnsberg. After changing hands multiple times, it became property of the municipality of Hachen in 1839. The castle's significance waned from the 15th century onwards. Limited research on its architectural history includes findings from 1923 and 1978–1980, revealing a main castle area, bailey, shield wall, and various structures.
The Walls of Constantinople are a series of defensive stone walls that have surrounded and protected the city of Constantinople (today Istanbul) since its founding as the new capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine the Great. With numerous additions and modifications during their history, they were the last great fortification system of antiquity, and one of the most complex and elaborate systems ever built. They were also the largest and strongest fortification in both the ancient and medieval world.
Initially built by Constantine the Great, the walls surrounded the new city on all sides, protecting it against attack from both sea and land. As the city grew, the famous double line of the Theodosian Walls was built in the 5th century. Although the other sections of the walls were less elaborate, they were, when well-manned, almost impregnable for any medieval besieger.