History of Estonia between 1561 - 1721
The Duchy of Estonia, also known as Swedish Estonia, was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1561 until 1721, when it was ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad, following its capitulation, during the plague, in the Great Northern War.
The dominion arose during the Livonian War, when the northern parts of present-day Estonia (Reval (Tallinn) and the counties of Harjumaa, Western Virumaa, Raplamaa and Järvamaa) submitted to the Swedish king in 1561, and Läänemaa in 1581. It is also colloquially known as the "good old Swedish times" by Estonians, but this expression was not used before the following Russian rule, in the beginning of which the situation of Estonian peasantry declined rapidly (to gain support of German nobility, Russia gave them more power over peasantry).
Previous historical period: Danish and Livonian Order (1208-1560) | Next historical period: Part of the Russian Empire (1722-1918) Tallinn, Estonia
1597
Tallinn, Estonia
1718
Tartu, Estonia
1632
Kuressaare, Estonia
1660's
Pärnu, Estonia
1675-1686
Kuressaare, Estonia
1654-1670
Kuressaare, Estonia
1630's
Narva, Estonia
1688-1691
Rakvere, Estonia
1670
Ruhnu, Estonia
1644
Audru, Estonia
1680
Kambja, Estonia
1720
Paldiski, Estonia
1716
Helme, Estonia
1674
Viljandi, Estonia
18th century
Mikitamäe, Estonia
1709
The Basilica of Santa Maria in Trastevere is one of the oldest churches of Rome. The basic floor plan and wall structure of the church date back to the 340s, and much of the structure to 1140-43. The first sanctuary was built in 221 and 227 by Pope Callixtus I and later completed by Pope Julius I.
The inscription on the episcopal throne states that this is the first church in Rome dedicated to Mary, mother of Jesus, although some claim that privilege belongs to the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore. A Christian house-church was founded here about 220 by Pope Saint Callixtus I (217-222) on the site of the Taberna meritoria, a refuge for retired soldiers. The area was made available for Christian use by Emperor Alexander Severus when he settled a dispute between the Christians and tavern-keepers.
The church underwent two restorations in the fifth and eighth centuries and in 1140-43 it was re-erected on its old foundations under Pope Innocent II.