Catacombs of San Gennaro

Naples, Italy

The Catacombs of San Gennaro are underground paleo-Christian burial and worship sites in Naples, Italy, carved out of tuff, a porous stone. They are situated in the northern part of the city, on the slope leading up to Capodimonte, consisting of two levels, San Gennaro Superiore, and San Gennaro Inferiore.

Originally, there were three separate cemeteries, dedicated, to Saint Gaudiosus (San Gaudioso), Saint Severus (San Severo) and St. Januarius (San Gennaro). These catacombs in Naples are different from their Roman counterparts in that they have more spacious passageways along two levels. The lower level is the oldest, going back to the 3rd-4th century and may actually be the site of an earlier pre-Christian cemetery later ceded to the new sect. It apparently became an important religious burial site only after the entombment there of Bishop Agrippinus. The second level was the one expanded so as to encompass the other two adjacent cemeteries.

The foundation of San Gennaro extra Moenia church is connected with the catacombs. The first structure was probably the result of the fusion of two ancient burial sites, one from the 2nd century CE that contained the remains of Saint Agrippinus of Naples, the first patron saint of Naples, and the site from the 4th century CE that contained the remains of St. Januarius, the patron saint of the city.

The site was consecrated to Gennaro (Januarius) in the fifth century on the occasion of the entombment there of his remains, which were later removed to the Cathedral of Naples by Bishop John IV (842-849) in the 9th century. As the burial areas grew around the remains of Gennaro so did underground places of worship for the growing Christian faith. An early example of religious use of the catacombs is the Basilica of Agrippinus dating to the fourth century. An altar and chair are carved from the tuff creating a meeting place for worshipers. Other ritual spaces included a confessional, baptismal font, a carved tuff table used as a seat for a consignatorium (area for confirmation), or oleorum table for holy oils, and possibly, monastic and hermit cells.

Until the eleventh century the catacombs were the burial site of Neapolitan bishops, including Quodvoltdeus, the exiled bishop of Carthage who died in 450 AD. Between the 13th and 18th century, the catacombs were the victim of severe looting. Restoration of the catacombs was made possible only after the transfer of skeletal remains to another cemetery. During WWII the catacombs were used by the local population as a place of shelter. The Catacombs were reopened in 1969 by the Archbishop of Naples and modern excavations started in 1971.

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Founded: 3rd-4th century AD
Category: Prehistoric and archaeological sites in Italy

Rating

4.7/5 (based on Google user reviews)

User Reviews

Razvan S (8 months ago)
It offers a fascinating glimpse into the city's ancient past. Walking through the underground tunnels is like stepping back in time, with intriguing insights into early Christian history and burial practices. Expect lots of tombs of rich families or mass burial tombs of the poor. You will find one of the oldest Christian frescoes from this part of the world. The guided tours are informative and engaging, providing a deeper understanding of the site's significance and lots of legends and superstitions about San Gennaro, the protector of the city. Whether you're a history passionate or simply curious, exploring the site is a unique experience that shouldn't be missed during your visit to Naples.
Claudia Evans (8 months ago)
Napoli’s hidden gem! We highly recommend everyone visits the catacombs. Our tour guide was excellent, very thorough and she had a great sense of humour too. The gift shop also sells reasonably priced food and drink, which was a pleasant surprise after we walked there. Make sure you visit this fascinating historical site!
Nicole Palmer (8 months ago)
Definitely visit here if you're interested in the history of Naples. The guide was brilliant and it was a very interesting experience. I recommend you book in advance before you visit. I only wish I could have seen more of it.
Trung Nguyen (8 months ago)
Very huge catacombs with organised guided tour. However, the girl leading our tour in English spoke too fast with a strange accent, so nobody could catch up with her and had a chance to ask questions. Overall it can be better if there is a tour guide who can speak English properly.
Kara Muratore (11 months ago)
A very well considered and interesting tour. As everyone has mostly noted, reservations are necessary even in the off season (if that exists in Naples). Our guide was lovely and friendly, although it took a while for me to dial in to his Italian English accent.
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