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The Roman amphitheatre of Italica is a ruined Roman amphitheatre situated outside the ancient Roman settlement of Italica, around 300 metres from the city's northern entrance. The amphitheatre's location is in present-day Santiponce, Andalusia, close to the city of Seville.
It was built during the reign of emperor Hadrian (who was born in Italica), approximately between the years AD 117 and 138, and was one of the largest in the entire Roman Empire. Italica was largely abandoned by the Romans in the 3rd century. It was rediscovered during the Renaissance, in the 17th century, and work to unearth the amphitheatre began in the late 19th century. The amphitheatre is now a tourist site offering visitor tours.
The amphitheatre had capacity of 25,000 spectators. It has an elliptical shape, with a major axis of 160 metres and minor axis of 137 metres, it had three levels of stands, of which the first remains intact, the second partially so, and the third mostly in ruin. Under the level of the old wooden floor of the amphitheater there was a service pit for the different gladiatorial shows and fights against wild beasts, called venatio. The building was constructed using siliceous and calcareous pebbles, as a result of a shortage of natural stone in the region.
The amphitheatre's cavea was divided into three sections, the ima, media and summa cavea, separated by annular corridors called praecinctions. The first, the ima cavea, had 6 stands, with 8 access doors, and was reserved for a ruling class. The second, the media cavea, was intended for the humblest population, had 12 tiers and 14 access doors. The summa cavea, covered by an awning, was reserved only to children and women.
The amphitheatre also had several rooms dedicated to the cult of Nemesis and Juno.
References:Kakesbeck is one of the largest medieval fortifications in Münsterland and the oldest castle in Lüdinghausen. The imposingly grown complex originated in 1120 as a motte, a small hilltop tower castle. After numerous changes of ownership, the castle was extended onto two islands, but it was not until the 14th century that it underwent significant alterations and extensions under the von Oer family. The estate experienced its heyday in the middle of the 18th century, when it covered an area of almost one square kilometre and consisted of five further outer castles in addition to the core castle, which were secured by ramparts and moats.
The well-maintained condition of the castle today is thanks to the late Wilfried Grewing, the former lord of the castle. The foundation named after him has been particularly committed to preserving the property since 2020.